Miniature "human brains" were grown in a laboratory and scientists hope that this will change the understanding of neurological diseases.

Structures with dimensions of pea achieved the same level of growth as in fetal nine weeks, but are not mental abilities.

Research scientists published in the journal "Nature" is already used for the understanding of rare diseases.

Neurologists defined discovery as amazing and wonderful. The human brain is one of the most complex structures in the universe. But scientists from the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences were able to reproduce some of the earliest stages of development of the body in a laboratory.

They used or embryonic stem cells, or cells from the skin of adults to produce part of the embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord - neuroectoderm. It was placed in the gel droplets to create a scaffold for the development of the tissue, and then in a rotating bioreactor, "food bath", which supplies nutrients and oxygen.

Cells were able to develop and organize in specific areas of the brain such as the cortex, retina and rarely in primary hippocampus, which is closely related to memory in a fully developed brain of an adult. Scientists are convinced that this is similar to a nearby extent (but far from perfect) brain development of an embryo until the ninth week. Tissues reached a maximum of about 4 mm after two months.

"Mini brains" survived nearly one year and not more increased because no blood flow and brain tissue only, so that the nutrients and oxygen can not penetrate to the center of the structure resembling the brain.

"Our organelles are useful for showing the pattern of brain development and to study the causes of the problem in development. Want to move on to the more common disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. They usually occur only in adults, but it was shown that hidden defects occur during brain development, "said one of the researchers, Dr Juergen Noblih.

The technique can be used to replace the mouse and rat in the study of drugs, since the new drugs can be tested on an actual brain tissue. Scientists have managed to create brain cells in a lab before, but this is the closest model to which one is reached in the creation of a human brain.

Medical research aimed at animal testing of therapies for the treatment of brain diseases are often skewed and show positive results, which are confirmed in humans - this according to a poll released Tuesday. The results of the study conducted by John Ioannidis and colleagues at Stanford University, explains why a large number of seemingly effective treatments for animals are not effective in humans.

The authors have examined 160 publications 1411 developments involving more than 4000 test animals, associated with the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease or multiple sclerosis. Only eight of the developments show noticeable results, but only two of them allow to achieve satisfactory results in the last administration when people try therapy, say researchers from Stanford. The rest of the studies were skewed by a number of problems such as no good conduct, very little amount of attempts or publishing only studies with "positive results."

Literature on studies of neurological diseases is probably very biased, according to a study published in the journal PLoS Biology. "Biased results from animal experiments may lead to ineffective or even harmful to human clinical trials or loss of money for research," the authors add. According to them, a possible explanation for this failure is in the biological and physiological differences between animals and humans, and these errors can be explained by abnormalities in research or publications for them.

Researchers prefer to publish their research in prestigious scientific journals, but they tend to emphasize only studies with positive results, which may also explain biased results.

Targatt provides a complete range of gene targeting services in rats to generate transgenic knock-in and knock-out rat models.

Rats are more versatile research model animals than mice since they are physiologically more similar to humans. The recent isolation of rat embryonic stem (ES) cells opened the doors to the generation of transgenic rats and we are proud to be one of the first providers of an all-inclusive transgenic rat generation service. Our competence in gene-targeting vector design coupled with our expertise in culturing rat ES cells allows us to offer a high-quality customized service for the generation of transgenic knock-in and knock-out rats.

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