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GENTAUR Europe

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    o 855039-cells-rat-knock-out-stem-cell-characterization-teratoma-formation-embryoidResearchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the University of Hanyang (Hanyang University) created a "synthetic antibodies". As a basis chemists have used carbon nanotubes, which fluoresce under laser irradiation.

    Previously, this phenomenon has been used by other investigators, the carbon nanotubes are coated with the natural antibodies. When meeting with certain molecules such structures either light or dimmed, so you can use them as a sort of sensors. However, such sensors are destroyed in the living cell, which significantly limits their period of operation.

    To solve this problem MIT chemists replaced by antibodies specifically synthesized amphiphilic polymers. These macromolecules contain regions that interact with water (hydrophilic) or push it (hydrophobic).

    Polymers synthesized so that their hydrophobic portions fixed firmly on the surface nanotubok as armature, and constitute a hydrophilic "loops", which form a kind of crown around the particle. Loops arranged strictly along the tube, and the distance between anchors determines which target molecule can hook into the loop and change the nanotube fluorescence.

    The uniqueness of this new approach is that before the polymer is attached to the nanotube is impossible to predict the possibility of molecular recognition, looking at the structure of the target and the polymer. That is, the polymer itself can not selectively detect a particular molecule.

    o 855037-cells-rat-knock-out-stem-cell-characterization-teratoma-formation-embryoid

    In his article, published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology, researchers publish a description of molecular sensors, specific for riboflavin (vitamin B2), estradiol (female sex hormone) and L-thyroxine (thyroid hormone).

    Currently, scientists are actively developing on certain neurotransmitters, carbohydrates and proteins. Another important challenge for the research team is to understand exactly what is happening with the polymer and nanoparticle throughout the whole capture specific target molecule.

    The researchers believe that their current and future developments in the field of molecular recognition will open huge opportunities for monitoring of diseases such as cancer, multiple inflammations, diabetes and many others in any living organism.

    Published in News

    liver-stem-cellsTiny human livers grown from stem cells get to work when they are transplanted into mice, cranking out proteins and breaking down drugs that mice normally can't, say scientists in Japan who created the working organs.

    The human "liver buds" grew blood vessels and produced proteins such as albumin that are specific to humans. 

    The researchers further confirmed the livers were working by showing that transplanting a liver into a mouse whose liver was lethally damaged allowed the animal to live longer then expected.

    "It's a human liver, functioning in a mouse," said study researcher Takanori Takebe, a stem-cell biologist at Yokohama City University in Japan. He and his colleagues detailed their work in an article published today (July 3) in the journal Nature.

    In humans, liver buds form during embryonic development, and are the precursors to the fully formed organ. In their experiments, the researchers grew the buds in dishes, from a cocktail of three cell types including stem cells that were programmed to become liver cells.

    “We basically mimicked the early processes of liver bud forming,” Takebe said. 

    It took two days for the cells in the dish to self-organize into a three-dimensional liver bud. The key reason for the success of this technique was using stem cells together with cells from the umbilical cord and bone marrow, the researchers said. Such cells are involved in the formation of an organ during development.

    Putting stem cells together with other cell types has been tried before, the researchers said. However, in previous efforts, the cell mixture was put onto scaffolds that formed the shape of an organ, and the experiments didn't work because the cells failed to attach to the scaffold properly.

    Takebe said he was surprised when he saw the liver buds growing in some of the plates. He showed the results to his colleagues, and some of them thought there was some kind of contamination in the petri dish, he said.

    This is the first time stem cells have been combined with other elements in a way that lets them move about freely and grow into a three-dimensional structure, the researchers said.

    There are a number of challenges to face before such liver buds could be transplanted in humans. The most important next step, Takebe said, is to make a large number of liver buds in vitro, perhaps tens of thousands. “We have to develop an automated culture system able to mass produce liver buds. This takes five to six years,” he said.

    Currently, there’s a shortage of donor livers for treating end-stage liver failure. While about 6,000 liver transplants are done every year in the United States, there are more than 16,000 Americans on the waiting list for a liver transplant, according to the American Liver Foundation. 

    Takebe said it's possible the technique could one day be used with other organs that have a similar course of development, and require complex vascularization, such as the pancreas, lungs and kidneys.

    “Now we are trying to apply a self-organizing approach into the pancreas formation, and so far got good results,” he said.

    If the liver buds were to one day be tried in humans, it's likely the first patients would be newborns or children with liver damage who otherwise would die without a treatment, the researchers said.

    Once in the body, the buds could grow and serve as a permanent replacement, or a temporary graft while a patient's damaged liver recovers.

     

    Published in News
    Thursday, 04 July 2013 15:41

    Scientists "produced" human liver

    liver-cells-stem-cells-gentaurJapanese scientists succeeded for the first time to "grow" in the laboratory miniature human liver from stem cells, according to the journal Nature, quoted by the BBC.

    Researchers from the University of Yokohama have been using reprogrammed stem cells that become the hepatocytes (liver cells).

    Scientists transplanted into mice tiny body began to grow and shows no signs of performance.
    However biologists warn that the method will have to be further developed, so that the artificial organ can be used to treat patients. Researchers believe that the work of these miniature livers could replace only 30% of the body of the patient, says New York Times.

    The liver, however, is known for its high regenerative capacity and therefore the sick who need a new organ is often implanted a small part of it taken from a living donor. This gives hope that the discovery of Japanese scientists could solve the problem of the shortage of organs for transplantation in the future.

     

    Published in News
    Monday, 18 March 2013 15:00

    Invented a pill to quickly sober

    gentaur-alcohol-pillsStudies of "drug" are still in a very early stage and tests are performed only on mice.

    Soon fans will be able to cup sober just one pill. Researchers made ​​a cocktail of alcohol metabolizing enzymes rapidly reduce the level of alcohol in the blood while drunk mouse forward "Daily Mail". 

    "Treatment", which compares with having millions of liver cells in your stomach, you may have a lasting impact on fans of spirits. Yangfeng Lou - professor of chemistry and biomolecular engineering, and Cheng Zhi - Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Southern California, injected mice with drunk nanocapsule containing two enzymes. One of the enzymes - oxidase comes as a by-product of hydrogen peroxide, which can be harmful. That's why he has to work with another enzyme to break down hydrogen peroxide. The study shows that drunken mice that were injected with these nanocapsule, sobered much faster than those who did not receive enzyme "treatment". The breakthrough is still in a very early stage and can not speak for its application in humans.

    But expert Lou argues that experience can lead to the invention of a new drug to act as an antidote to alcohol. He states that "drug" can be taken as a simple pill. "It's like you have millions of liver cells in your stomach that help you revise alcohol," said Professor Lu.

    Published in News