We want it or not, teeth wear out with age comes a time when you need to replace them with artificial ones. But now there may be an alternative to artificial prostheses - and it is real teeth, "grown" in a lab and created by human cells wreath.
 
Studies were conducted with mouse stem cells are derived from embryos and specially selected so as to be able to produce growth in other cells to grow out of their teeth. So the combination of murine stem cells and human gingival cells in the laboratory has produced a real tooth - shaped with enamel and roots. The roots were fully alive, suggesting that transplanted into human mouth, most likely belonged to the bone.
 
The results of this discovery may mean turning point in the treatment of periodontal disease and produce new teeth in people who for some reason have lost their. Of course, the stem cells in the formation of teeth, suitable for implantation in humans must be human rather than mouse and extracting stem cells from human embryos for scientific purposes is not perceived as ethical. Scientists argue that stem cells can be easily extracted from the pulp of human wisdom as to produce the same effect.

A research team led by the Canadian Museum of Nature has identified the first evidence for an extinct giant camel in Canada's High Arctic. The discovery is based on 30 fossil fragments of a leg bone found on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut and represents the most northerly record for early camels, whose ancestors are known to have originated in North America some 45 million years ago.

The fossils were collected over three summer field seasons (2006, 2008 and 2010) and are about three-and-a-half million years old, dating from the mid-Pliocene Epoch. Other fossil finds at the site suggest this High Arctic camel lived in a boreal-type forest environment, during a global warm phase on the planet.

The research by Dr. Natalia Rybczynski and co-authors including Dr. John Gosse at Dalhousie University, Halifax and Dr. Mike Buckley at the University of Manchester, England is described in the March 5, 2013 edition of the online journal Nature Communications.

"This is an important discovery because it provides the first evidence of camels living in the High Arctic region," explains Rybczynski, a vertebrate paleontologist with the Canadian Museum of Nature, who has led numerous field expeditions in Canada's Arctic. "It extends the previous range of camels in North America northward by about 1,200 km, and suggests that the lineage that gave rise to modern camels may been originally adapted to living in an Arctic forest environment."

The camel bones were collected from a steep slope at the Fyles Leaf Bed site, a sandy deposit near Strathcona Fiord on Ellesmere Island. Fossils of leaves, wood and other plant material have been found at this site, but the camel is the first mammal recovered. A nearby fossil-rich locality at Strathcona Fiord, known as the Beaver Pond site, has previously yielded fossils of other mammals from the same time period, including a badger, deerlet, beaver and three-toed horse.

Determining that the bones were from a camel was a challenge. "The first time I picked up a piece, I thought that it might be wood. It was only back at the field camp that I was able to ascertain it was not only bone, but also from a fossil mammal larger than anything we had seen so far from the deposits," explains Rybczynski, relating the moment that she and her team had discovered something unusual.

Some important physical characteristics suggested the fossil fragments were part of a large tibia, the main lower-leg bone in mammals, and that they belonged to the group of cloven-hoofed animals known as arteriodactyls, which includes cows, pigs and camels. Digital files of each of the 30 bone fragments were produced using a 3D laser scanner, allowing for the pieces to be assembled and aligned. The size of the reconstituted leg bone suggested it was from a very large mammal. At the time in North America, the largest arteriodactyls were camels.

Full confirmation that the bones belonged to a camel came from a new technique called "collagen fingerprinting" pioneered by Dr. Mike Buckley at the University of Manchester in England. Profiles produced by this technique can be used to distinguish between groups of mammals.

Minute amounts of collagen, the dominant protein found in bone, were extracted from the fossils. Using chemical markers for the peptides that make up the collagen, a collagen profile for the fossil bones was developed. This profile was compared with those of 37 modern mammal species, as well as that of a fossil camel found in the Yukon, which is also in the Canadian Museum of Nature's collections.

The collagen profile for the High Arctic camel most closely matched those of modern camels, specifically dromedaries (camels with one hump) as well as the Yukon giant camel, which is thought to be Paracamelus, the ancestor of modern camels. The collagen information, combined with the anatomical data, allowed Rybczynski and her colleagues to conclude that the Ellesmere bones belong to a camel, and is likely the same lineage as Paracamelus.

"We now have a new fossil record to better understand camel evolution, since our research shows that the Paracameluslineage inhabitated northern North America for millions of years, and the simplest explanation for this pattern would be that Paracamelus originated there," explains Rybczynski. "So perhaps some specializations seen in modern camels, such as their wide flat feet, large eyes and humps for fat may be adaptations derived from living in a polar environment."

The scientific paper also reports for the first time an accurate age of both the Fyles Leaf Bed site and the Beaver Pond site -- at least 3.4 million years old. This was determined by Dr. John Gosse at Dalhousie University using a sophisticated technique that involves dating the sands found associated with the bone. The date is significant because it corresponds to a time period when Earth was 2ºC à 3ºC warmer than today, and the Arctic was 14ºC à 22ºC warmer. The bones of the High Arctic camel are housed in the Canadian Museum of Nature's research and collections facility in Gatineau, Quebec on behalf of the Government of Nunavut.

1. Guidelines for using the Bullet Blender Homogenizer

Nanoparticles carrying substance in bee venom can successfully stop the spread of HIV

Chemicals found in bee venom can stop the spread of HIV.

U.S. researchers found that nanoparticles carrying substance in bee venom can successfully stop the spread of HIV, which causes AIDS, said the "Daily Mail".

Toxins from the sting of these insects attack only successful virulent organisms, leaving surrounding cells intact.

The active substance in bee venom, destroying the human immunodeficiency virus, called melitin. It pierced the outer protective shell of the virus and kill it.

The study was led by Dr. Joshua Hood the medicine at Washington University.

He directed the team's efforts in the development of vaginal gel nanoparticles to eliminate the infection still in its infancy.

Until now most familiar to medical drugs only slow the progress of the virus, while the venom he successfully attacked and eradicated.

Even more significantly, in the words of Dr. Hood, HIV can not adapt and counter melitina.

"Our hope is that in places where HIV is widespread, people can use the gel as a precaution to prevent any infection," said study authors.

Scientists develop pill that can help people to live to 150 years, slowing the aging process, reported the British newspaper "Daily Telegraph".

Drugs are synthetic versions of the organic chemical resveratrol, found in red wine, which is believed to slow aging, enhances the activity of the protein SIRT1. The pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) drug testing on people suffering from diabetes of the second type and psoriasis.

Professor of Genetics at Harvard University David Sinclair said that aging can not "irreversible catastrophe." "We now investigate whether a benefit for people who are already healthy. Results are promising. We find that aging is irreversible disaster, as previously thought. Certain people may live up to 150 years, but it will not get there without further research" he said.

Professor Sinclair said that the efforts of the activity of SIRT1 protein enhances cell activity, reducing their laziness. Previous experiments on mice, bees and flies that received the substances that enhance the activity of the protein showed that they live longer.

Professor Sinclair allegedly performed experiments which showed that the substances based on resveratrol have a direct impact on health. Some scholars argue that the impact is real and experimental stealth. The results were published in the scientific journal "Science", wrote Thursday.

Despite the controversy, some experiments that promise for diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and heart failure, diabetes of the second type, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, fatty liver disease, cataracts, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, sleep disorders and inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, arthritis and colitis.

In the present study aimed to determine how these substances can help cure diseases associated with aging. But Professor Sinclair believes that in time will also examine the preventive effect. As statins are used today to prevent heart disease and stroke, as these substances can be used to delay many diseases, says the researcher.

We provide high quality Retrovirus packing services.

Retroviral vectors are one of the efficient methods of gene delivery to mammalian cells both in vitro and in vivo. Through years of experience with lentiviral and retroviral vectors, Targatt has developed own proprietary packaging systems and efficient protocols for the rapid generation of pseudoviral particles.

Targatt offers express Retrovirus packaging service to produce high-quality, high-titer virus particles using your viral construct with turnaround time of 10 days. Save your time, receive ready-to-transduce viral particles.

• Production of virus in a state-of-the art BSL-2 facility with robust quality control in accordance with NIH Biosafety Level 2 criteria
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• Accurate Virus titers as determined by qPCR to measure infectious units per ml ( ifus/ml)

• Depending on level of titer requested, please provide 10-40 μg of endotoxin-free lentivector or retrovector plasmid DNA
• All custom virus production services should come with information on the plasmids which have to be packaged.
• Vector must be able to produce virus (no internal poly A signal, no toxic genes, no unusual 2nd structure, or 5' to 3' LTR size over 8kb.)

Targatt provides high quality and high titer 10-day Lentivirus packing services.

Lentiviral / retroviral vectors are one of the most efficient methods of gene delivery to mammalian cells both in vitro and in vivo. Through years of experience with lentiviral and retroviral vectors, Targatt has developed own proprietary packaging systems and efficient protocols for the rapid generation of pseudoviral particles.

1. offers express lentiviral/retrovirus packaging service to produce high-quality, high-titer virus particles using your viral construct with turnaround time of 10 days. Save your time and receive ready-to-transduce viral particles.

• Production of virus in a state-of-the art BSL-2 facility with robust quality control in accordance with NIH Biosafety Level 2 criteria
• Flexibility of virus production scales to meet your research needs
• Accurate Virus titers as determined by qPCR to measure infectious units per ml ( ifus/ml)

• Depending on level of titer requested, please provide 10-40 μg of endotoxin-free lentivector or retrovector plasmid DNA
• All custom virus production services should come with information on the plasmids which have to be packaged.
• Vector must be able to produce virus (no internal poly A signal, no toxic genes, no unusual 2nd structure, or 5' to 3' LTR size over 8kb.)

With decades of experience our Molecular Biology Team has developed an exceptional expertise in anything DNA-related. We  can help you develop the best strategy to tackle your cloning projects and find solutions to all your technical problems. 

Some examples of our services:

• - Cloning of amplified DNA fragments
• - Gene targeting vectors for homologous recombination
• - Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) Recombineering
• - RNAi and inducible vectors
• - Site-specific mutagenesis
• - Tagging of genes
• - De novo gene synthesis

A typical cloning procedure includes:

• - Primer design for target region
• - PCR amplification of target region
• - Cloning of the PCR product into a cloning vector
• - Sub-cloning the gene into the vector of your choice
• - Picking, plating, culturing, and DNA preparation
• - Sequence confirmation
• - Plasmid purification (Mini, Midi, or Maxi size)

We offer standard and customized cell culture services including mycoplasma testing and FBS lot evaluation.

Please contact us to discuss your needs with our technical service specialists.

Targatt offers various services for the differentiation of ESC/iPSC lines into more specialized cells including multipotent stem cells and fully differentiated somatic cells.

Advantage of using multipotent stem cells

• Thaw ESC/iPSC-derived multipotent stem cells (e.g. Neural Stem Cells) when you need them
• Differentiate multipotent stem cells to specialized somatic cells (e.g. neurons and glial cells)
• Expand the multipotent stem cells for a ready supply for your planned experiments = save money and time!

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• Neural Stem Cells
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We also offer customized differentiation services. Please contact us with details about what kind of cells you are interested in.

Human ESC / iPSC Neuronal Differentiation Service

• Send us your pluripotent cell line (or use our iPSC generation service)
• We will differentiate your ESC/iPSC line into neural stem cells (NSCs) or neural crest stem cells (NCSC) by using our proprietary neural induction protocol.
• NSCs and NCSCs are proliferating cells that can be frozen and cultured over a prolonged period of time.
• NSCs can be further differentiated into multiple neural cell types.